Introduction
The evolution of 5G technology has spurred efforts to extend its capabilities beyond terrestrial boundaries. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has undertaken the standardisation of integrating Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) into the 5G ecosystem. Net Reply UK, in collaboration with leading industry partners, Satellite Applications Catapult and The University of Surrey, is actively engaged in the ARTES 5G TINA project, funded by The European Space Agency (ESA), with the aim of revolutionising 5G connectivity by integrating satellite technology into terrestrial networks.